Contrary to this classical view, but for the most part ignored, is the observation that LPS can induce increases in neutrophil cell surface adhesion molecules and binding in minutes ( 21, 22). LPS, by contrast, classically requires hours for effector function to be fully elicited through transcription and translation. Each of these effector functions occur in seconds following bacteria stimulation and has been attributed to opsonisation and rapid production of pro-inflammatory complement fragments ( 20). Neutrophils do not require protein synthesis to perform phagocytosis, oxidant production, degranulation or NET release when reacting to pathogens ( 19). Indeed, macrophage begin to synthesize TNF-alpha and numerous chemokines while endothelium begins to synthesize E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and additional chemokines in an attempt to recruit the main effector cell of innate immunity, namely the neutrophil ( 18). The signalling pathway is extremely well established and includes the activation of Myd88, IRAK-4 leading to NFκB translocation to the nucleus, and subsequent transcription and translation of various pro-inflammatory molecules ( 15– 17). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major pathogen associated molecular pattern of gram-negative bacteria that binds and stimulates TLR4 ( 14). Likewise, the innate immune system must provide immediate protection when pathogens enter the bloodstream until the administration of effective antibiotics.
It is now recognized that sepsis is a medical emergency, similar to heart attacks and strokes, whereby every hour of untreated infection dramatically decreases the likelihood of patient survival ( 13). Alarmingly, gram-negative bacteria are rapidly developing resistance to broad-spectrum antibiotics and in some circumstances have become pan-antibiotic resistant ( 11, 12). Escherichia coli, is a major overall causative organism found in community acquired and hospital acquired bloodstream infections ( 3, 10). Bloodstream infections are common both in the community ( 3– 5) and in the hospital ( 6– 9). Of particular concern is that sepsis with bacteremia, or bloodstream infection, has even worse outcomes in humans ( 2). Perhaps this video can celebrate the beauty that comes from perseverance, community, and new forms interactivity.Sepsis is a deleterious host response to an infection that continues to have an unacceptably high mortality( 1). As Moretti said in a statement, the goal of the video was to “reproduce universal commonalities and thread a story of harmony between apparent strangers.” He continued: “Sadly, the idea is more relative now than when first conceived, but hopefully a new perspective can be adopted. Interspersed with footage of Ian Devaney singing the dreamy synth-pop track, the video follows this disparate but interconnected group as they wake up, brush their teeth, use lipstick to draw a circle around one eye, use chalk to draw a cube on the sidewalk, chew bubblegum, grab their headphones and venture outside to dance.ĭespite the crowd-sourced/DIY nature of the video, it was actually conceived and filmed before the COVID-19 pandemic forced everyone to practice social distancing.
#Facebook john kubes california series
Machinegum, the band-artist collective fronted by Strokes drummer Fabrizio Moretti, has shared a new video for “Kubes,” a song off of the group’s debut album, Conduit.Īctor Justin Bartha (of The Hangover series and The Good Fight) directed the clip, which compiles videos sent in by people around the world going through a very specific daily routine based on instructions posted on the Machinegum website back in February.
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